- The Indus Valley Civilization (IVC) was a Bronze Age civilization in the northwestern regions of South Asia, lasting from 3300 BCE to 1300 BCE, and in its mature form from 2600 BCE to 1900 BCE
- It extended from:
- Daimabad (Ahmednagar, Maharashtra) in the South
- Alamgirpur (Western UP) in the East
- Mandu (Jammu) in the North
- Sutkagendor (in Balochistan, Pakistan) in the West
- The Pre-Harappan civilization found in Mehrgarh, Pakistan shows the first evidence of cotton cultivation
- Mehrgarh is a Neolithic mountain site in the Balochistan, Pakistan which gave new insights on the emergence of the Indus Valley Civilization
- Mehrgarh is one of the earliest sites with evidence of farming and herding in South Asia
- Harappa, Mohenjodaro and Rakhigarhi - World's first known urban sanitation systems
- Major sites in Pakistan:
- Harappa - Ravi
- Mohenjodaro - Indus
- Chanhudaro - Indus
- Amri - Indus
- Sutkagendor - Dast
- Kot-Diji - Indus
| Site | Excavated by | Location | Findings |
|---|---|---|---|
| Harappa | Daya Ram Sahini in 1921 | On the banks of Ravi river in the Montgomery district of Punjab (Pakistan) |
Sandstone statues of Human anatomy Granaries Bullock carts |
| Mohenjodaro (Mound of Dead) | R.D Banerjee in 1922 | On the bank of river Indus in Larkana district of Punjab (Pakistan) |
Great bath Granary Bronze dancing girl Seal of Pasupathi Mahadeva Steatite statue of beard man A piece of woven cotton |
| Sutkagendor | Stein in 1929 | Pakistan on Dast river | A trading point between Harappa and Babylon |
| Chanhudaro | N.G Majumdar in 1931 | Sindh on the Indus river |
Bead makers shop The footprint of a dog chasing a cat Only Harappan city without the citadel |
| Amri | N.G Majumdar in 1935 | On the bank of the Indus river – Sindh, Pakistan | Antelope evidence |
| Kalibangan | Ghose in 1953 | Rajasthan on the bank of Ghaggar river |
Fire altar Camel bone Wooden plough |
| Lothal | R.Rao in 1953 | Gujarat on Bhogavo river near Gulf of Cambay |
Dockyard Rice husk Fire altars Chess-playing |
| Surkotada | J.P Joshi in 1964 | Gujarat |
Bones of horses Beads |
| Banawali | R.S Bisht in 1974 | Hisar district of Haryana |
Terracotta model of plough Beads Barley Evidence of both pre-Harappan and Harappan culture |
| Dholavira | R.S Bisht in 1985 | Gujarat in Rann of Kachchh |
Water harnessing system Water reservoir 1st IVC Site in India to have received the ‘World Heritage Site’ Status by UNESCO in 2021 |
| Rakhigarhi | R.S Bisht in 1985 | Haryana | Largest & oldest Indus site |
| IVC site | Place | River |
|---|---|---|
| Mandu | J&K | Chenab |
| Banawali | Haryana | Saraswati |
| Ropar | Punjab | Sutlej |
| Alamgirpur | Meerut | Hindon |
| Kalibangan | Rajasthan | Ghaggar |
| Lothal | Gujarat | Bhogavo |
| Dholavira | Gujarat | Luni |
| Rangpur | Gujarat | Saraswati |
| Surkotada | Gujarat | Bhogavo |
| Daimabad | Maharashtra | Pravara |
| Rakhigarhi | Haryana | Ghaggar |
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