Mughal Dynasty

• Mughal originated from Mongol
• Founder of Mughal empire - Babur
• Babur (1526-30)
• Original name - Zahiruddin Muhammed Babur
• Born in Kabul
• Father: Umarsheikh Mirza
• Mother: Qutluah nigar khan
• Babur means Lion
• 1528 - Construction of Babri Masjid
• Autobiography - Tuzuk-i-Babri/Babur namah - Turkish/Chagathai language
• Abdul Raheem Khan translated into Persian
• Constructed a garden in Aram Bagh (Agra)
• Contemporaries - Krishna Devaraya, Guru Nanak 
• First Battle of Panipat - 1526
• Fought between the invading forces of Babur and Ibrahim Lodi Empire
• Battle of Khanwa - 1527
• It was fought between Babur and Rana Sanga of Mewar
• Babur assumed the title of 'Ghazi'
• Battle of Chanderi - 1528
• It was fought between Babur and Medini Rai
• Battle of Ghaghra - 1529
• It was fought between Babur and Sultan Mahmud Lodi & Nusrat Shah
• Babur won
• Died - 1530 
• Babur was temporarily buried at Aram Bagh before being interred in Kabul
• Humayun (1530-40 and 1555-56)
• Means fortunate
• Humayun was given the title 'Inzan-e-kamil' - 'The Perfect Man'
• Constructed city of Dinpanah
• Humayun namah - Book by sister Gulbadan Begum
• Wife - Hamida Banu Begum - She constructed Humayun's Tomb (Delhi)
• Architect(s) - Mirak Mirza Ghiyath & Sayyid Muhammad
• Purana Qila - started by Humayun (Completed by Sher Shah Suri)
• Battle of Chausa - 1539 - Humayun vs Sher Shah Suri - Humayun lost
• Battle of Kannauj - 1540 - Humayun vs Sher Shah Suri - Sher Shah completely defeated Humayun and founded Sur dynasty
• Battle of Sri Hind - 1555 - Humayun recaptured the empire by defeating last Suri ruler Sikandar Shah Suri
• Akbar (1556-1605)
• Original name - Abul Fath Jalaluddin Mohammed
• King at the age of 14
• Mother - Hamida Banu Begum
• Wife - Rukhaiya Sultan Begum
• Guru - Bairam Khan
• Abolished Wazir
• Gave Amritsar to Sikhs
• Abolished jizya/pilgrimage tax
• Aka Badshah-e-hind 
• Akbar was crowned at Kalanaur
• Major opponent - Maharana Pratap
• 1582 - Akbar founded new religion - Din-e-llahi/Tauhid-e-llahi
• Zabti/Dahsala - Revenue system (1/3rd goes to king)
• Mansabdari system (sat, sawar)
• Constructed Fatehpur Sikri, Buland Darwaza, Ibadat Khana
• Akbar's tomb in Sikandra (Agra) built by Jahangir
• Jodha Akbar directed by Ashutosh Gawarkar
• Akbarnama - The official chronicle of the reign of Akbar, commissioned by Akbar himself and written by Abul Fazl. It was written in Persian, which was the literary language of the Mughals
• Second Battle of Panipat - 5 Nov 1556 - Akbar killed Hemu
• Battle of Haldighati - 1576 - Akbar defeated Maharana Pratap of Mewar
• Akbar of Kashmir - Sainul Abdeen
• Land division - 4 types
• Polaj - continuous cultivation
• Parouti - cultivation not done for fixed time
• Chachar - 3-4yrs no cultivation
• Banjar - more than 5 yrs no cultivation
• Administration:
• 12 subas
• Bengal
• Bihar
• Allahabad
• Agra
• Delhi
• Lahore
• Multan 
• Kabul
• Ajmer
• Malwa
• Gujarat
• Awadh 
• Navaratnas:
• Todar Mal - Finance Minister - His revenue collection method was called Bandobast
• Abul Fazl - Wazir (Prime Minister) of Akbar. Wrote Akbarnama
• Faizi
• Birbal (Mahesh Das)
• Tansen (Ramtanu)
• Abdul Raheem Khan
• Mulla do pyaza
• Raja Man Singh - Masabdar and trusted General of Akbar. Assisted Akbar in Battle of Haldighati
• Jahangir (1605-1627)
• Nur-ud-din Muhammad Salim
• Meaning - Conqueror of the World
• Father - Akbar
• Mother - Jodha bhai
• Wife - Mehrunnisa/Noor Jahan
• Autobiography - Tuzuk-i-jahangiri (Persian)
• Chain of justice/zanjeer-e-adl - A golden chain with bells, installed by Jahangir in Agra Fort
• Assassinated 5th Sikh guru Guru Arjan Dev
• Shalimar garden (Kashmir), Moti Masjid (Lahore Fort)
• Jahangir banned the smoking use of tobacco
• 2 British visitors during Jahangir's period - Williams Hawkins (Sent by James I in 1608) & Thomas Roe (1615)
• Jahangir & Noor Jahan's tomb - Lahore (Ravi river)
• Shah Jahan (1627-58)
• King of the world
• Childhood name - Khurram
• Changed capital from Agra to Delhi
• Stopped chain of justice
• Built Jama Masjid in Delhi, Moti Masjid (Agra Fort) in Agra
• Constructed Diwan-e-am, diwan-e-khas
• Padshanamah - book by Abdul Hameed
• Mumtaz was the 3rd wife
• Kandahari Begum - 1st wife
• Kohinoor - Mountain of Light
• Peacock throne commissioned by Shah Jahan
• Bernier and Travernier - French travelers visited during Shah Jahan's period
• Manucci - Italian traveler visited during Shah Jahan's period
• Upanishads translated into Persian - Dara Shikoh (eldest son of Shah Jahan)
• Constructed Taj Mahal 
• 17th century
• Crown Palace
• Architect - Ustaad Isa
• Construction completed in the year 1648
• 1983 - UNESCO World Heritage Site
• Taj Mahal referred to as "Tear drop on the cheek of time" by Rabindranath Tagore
• Across river Yamuna
• Security done by CISF (Central Industrial Security Force)
• Color fading due to Sulphur dioxide (SO2)
• Aurangazeb (1658-1707)
• Wisest Fool
• Alamgir - conqueror of the world
• Zinda Pir 
• Abolished Navroz
• Played Veena
• 1679 - Reimposed jaziya system
• Assassinated 9th Sikh Guru Tegh Bahadur 
• Aurangazeb vs Shivaji - Battle of Purandar
• Aurangazeb's Tomb - Khuldabad, Aurangabad
• Built Moti Masjid (Red Fort) in Delhi
• Bibi Ka Maqbara (Tomb of the Lady) - Aurangabad, Maharashtra 
• It was commissioned in 1660 by Aurangzeb's son prince Azam Shah in the memory of his mother Dilras Banu Begum (posthumously known as Rabia-ul-Durrani)
• Aka Deccan Taj
• After the death of Aurangazeb, Bahadur Shah I took over
• Last ruler of Mughal dynasty - Bahadur Safar/Bahadur Shah II (He was sent to Rangoon (Yangon, Myanmar))

Mughal Emperor's and their resting places:

• Babur's Tomb - Kabul, Afghanistan
• Humayun's Tomb - Delhi
• Akbar's Tomb - Sikandra, Agra, UP
• Jahangir's Tomb - Lahore, Pakistan
• Shah Jahan's Tomb - Agra
• Aurangazeb's Tomb - Khuldabad, Aurangabad, UP